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climate adaptation, climate impacts, climate risk, agriculture, water availability, Zambia, biophysical modelling, crop suitability, cost-benefit analysis, adaptation financing, climate and disaster risk financing, gender
Abstract:
Zambia has a high socio-economic dependency on agriculture which is strongly influenced by weather-related
factors and highly vulnerable to climate change. To address current and future climate-related risks in the
agricultural sector, this study provides a comprehensive climate risk analysis and evaluates suitable adaptation
options to promote climate-resilient agricultural intensification in Zambia. Driven by ten global climate models
under two climate change scenarios, SSP 1-RCP2.6 and SSP 3-RCP7.0, we used impact models to analyse future
trends in climatic conditions and impacts on agriculture. As part of our adaptation analysis, we consider aspects
of risk mitigation potential, cost-effectiveness, financing and gender. The results have been complemented and
cross-checked by expert and literature-based assessments and two stakeholder workshops.
Climate models project a robust trend towards increasing temperatures all over Zambia ranging between 2 °C and
2.7 °C until mid-century, with the south-western regions showing the strongest increase. Projections of mean
precipitation indicate high spatial variations within the country. The drought-prone southern and central parts of
the country are projected to experience a decrease in precipitation with ongoing climate change. Overall, there is
a shift towards more intense climatic conditions both in terms of dry as well as wet conditions.
Climate change will have various impacts on agriculture, for example, a decrease in sorghum yields. Mean
sorghum yields for the whole country are projected to decrease by 5.8 to 12.2 % by mid-century with spatial and
temporal disparities. The decreases are, however, only about half of the projected decrease in maize yields. This
confirms that sorghum is indeed a more resilient crop compared to other cereals. Climate change also affects the
extent and distribution of suitable areas for crop production in Zambia. Areas suitable for maize and sorghum
production will decrease between 28 and 37 % by mid-century and move northwards within Zambia. A case study
in the Kafue Catchment and parts of the Zambezi Catchment shows an increase in water demand and a decrease
in water availability – leading to an overall reduction in the climate-related irrigation potential in future.
The negative climate impacts on agriculture in Zambia underline the need for strong adaptation efforts. The
study analyses two adaptation options, which were selected based on stakeholder priorities: Conservation
agriculture and early warning systems. Conservation agriculture is a farming system that promotes minimum
soil disturbance, maintenance of a permanent soil cover and diversification of plant species. It can buffer climate
impacts in the near term and even increase sorghum yields by 25 to 31 % in drought-prone areas in Zambia. It can
play a vital role in adapting to increasingly extreme and dry climatic conditions in Zambia in the near future.
Early warning systems have a high potential for anticipating climate risks and thus improving food and nutrition
security. In our analysis, we focus on a participatory approach for climate and agricultural extension services
that integrates climate information and weather forecasts to inform livelihood decisions of farmers – called
PICSA (Participatory Integrated Climate Services for Agriculture). The results show that the initial investment
needed to employ PICSA already becomes economically beneficial after one year with returns increasing in the
future. Each USD invested in PICSA generates between 3.6 and 3.8 USD in benefits depending upon the climate
scenario considered. This suggests that employing PICSA is a highly cost-effective investment that constitutes an
important variable in safeguarding farmers’ long-term livelihood.
Generally, a combination of different adaptation options entails additional benefits. Active stakeholder
engagement as well as participatory, gender-sensitive approaches are needed to ensure the feasibility and
long-term sustainability of adaptation options. The findings of this study can help to inform national and local
adaptation and agricultural development planning and investments in order to strengthen the resilience of the
agricultural sector and especially of smallholder farmers against a changing climate.
