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  Simulating functional diversity of European natural forests along climatic gradients

Thonicke, K., Billing, M., von Bloh, W., Sakschewski, B., Niinemets, Ü., Peñuelas, J., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Onoda, Y., Bodegom, P. v., Schaepman, M. E., Schneider, F. D., Walz, A. (2020): Simulating functional diversity of European natural forests along climatic gradients. - Journal of Biogeography, 47, 5, 1069-1085.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13809

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 Creators:
Thonicke, Kirsten1, Author              
Billing, Maik1, Author              
von Bloh, Werner1, Author              
Sakschewski, Boris1, Author              
Niinemets, Ü.2, Author
Peñuelas, J.2, Author
Cornelissen, J. H. C.2, Author
Onoda, Y.2, Author
Bodegom, P. van2, Author
Schaepman, M. E.2, Author
Schneider, F. D.2, Author
Walz, A.2, Author
Affiliations:
1Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, ou_persistent13              
2External Organizations, ou_persistent22              

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 Abstract: Aim: We analyse how functional diversity (FD) varies across European natural forests to understand the effects of environmental and competitive filtering on plant trait distribution. Location: Forest ecosystems in Europe from 11°W to 36°E and 29.5°N to 62°N. Taxon: Pinaceae, Fagaceae and Betulaceae, Oleaceae, Tiliaceae, Aceraceae, Leguminosae (unspecific). Methods: We adopted the existing Dynamic Global Vegetation Model Lund‐Potsdam‐Jena managed Land of flexible individual traits (LPJmL‐FIT) for Europe by eliminating both bioclimatic limits of plant functional types (PFTs) and replacing prescribed values of functional traits for PFTs with emergent values under influence of environmental filtering and competition. We quantified functional richness (FR), functional divergence (FDv) and functional evenness (FE) in representative selected sites and at Pan‐European scale resulting from simulated functional and structural trait combinations of individual trees. While FR quantifies the amount of occupied trait space, FDv and FE describe the distribution and abundance of trait combinations, respectively, in a multidimensional trait space. Results: Lund‐Potsdam‐Jena managed Land of flexible individual traits reproduces spatial PFTs and local trait distributions and agrees well with observed productivity, biomass and tree height of European natural forests. The observed site‐specific trait distributions and spatial gradients of traits of the leaf‐ and stem‐resource economics spectra coincide with environmental filtering and the competition for light and water in environments with strong abiotic stress. Where deciduous and needle‐leaved trees co‐occur, for example, in boreal and mountainous forests, the potential niche space is wide (high FR), and extreme ends in the niche space are occupied (high FDv). We find high FDv in Mediterranean forests where drought increasingly limits tree growth, thus niche differentiation becomes more important. FDv decreases in temperate forests where a cold climate increasingly limits growth efficiency of broad‐leaved summer green trees, thus reducing the importance of competitive exclusion. Highest FE was simulated in wet Atlantic and southern Europe which indicated relatively even niche occupation and thus high resource‐use efficiency. Main Conclusions: We find FD resulting from both environmental and competitive filtering. Pan‐European FR, FDv and FE demonstrate the influence of climate gradients and intra‐ and inter‐PFT competition. The indices underline a generally high FD of natural forests in Europe. Co‐existence of functionally diverse trees across PFTs emerges from alternative (life‐history) strategies, disturbance and tree demography.

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 Dates: 2020
 Publication Status: Finally published
 Pages: -
 Publishing info: -
 Table of Contents: -
 Rev. Type: Peer
 Identifiers: DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13809
PIKDOMAIN: RD1 - Earth System Analysis
eDoc: 8708
Working Group: Ecosystems in Transition
 Degree: -

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Title: Journal of Biogeography
Source Genre: Journal, SCI, Scopus
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Pages: - Volume / Issue: 47 (5) Sequence Number: - Start / End Page: 1069 - 1085 Identifier: CoNE: https://publications.pik-potsdam.de/cone/journals/resource/journal-of-biogeography
Publisher: Wiley