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Abstract:
Shifting from conventional to nature-based construction materials is a key strategy for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the built environment. While bio-based materials like timber have gained attention for their carbon storage potential, a broader understanding of nature-based materials is needed to support a truly regenerative approach. This study compares three bio-based building materials (timber, hemp, straw) and one geo-based material (earth) with conventional materials in structural and envelope building components in the context of Berlin. Functional equivalence is ensured through German building performance standards. We assess material intensity and environmental impacts by evaluating global warming potential (GWP) and carbon storage potential (CSP) using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Findings indicate that all nature-based systems substantially reduce lifecycle emissions compared to the conventional with bio-based materials offering notable carbon storage. However, material choices are accompanied with trade-offs, for example structural timber use may require higher resource demands, while straw and hemp stand out for their insulation properties and rapid renewability. These insights underscore the importance of material selection in optimizing sustainability outcomes, balancing carbon storage, resource efficiency, and ecosystem impacts. The study highlights the potential of diverse nature-based materials in advancing climate goals and fostering a regenerative built environment.
