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Abstract

The planetary boundary (PB) framework outlines nine critical Earth system thresholds essential to maintain the resilience and stability of Earth system processes necessary for humanity's continued survival and prosperity. These boundaries include climate change, biodiversity loss, biogeochemical flows, ocean acidification, land-system change, freshwater use, atmospheric aerosol loading, stratospheric ozone depletion, and novel entities. As a key driver of economic and environmental change, the agriculture system plays an important part in the transgression of these critical thresholds. In this chapter, we delve into each of the nine planetary boundaries, outlining their significance and thresholds, and also examine the specific ways agricultural activities contribute to the transgression of these boundaries. Furthermore, we review and synthesize current data and studies quantifying the impact of agriculture on these boundaries. By providing a detailed analysis of the mechanism and magnitude of the agricultural system's contribution to the transgression of the planetary boundaries, this chapter aims to inform policy decisions and promote practices that could mitigate adverse impacts. Through this comprehensive examination, we seek to contribute to a more sustainable interaction between agriculture and the Earth's critical system processes, aiming for a balance that will safeguard our planet's health and human well-being for future generations.