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Real-world Fuel Consumption and Potential Future Regulation of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Europe – An Empirical Analysis of about one Million Vehicles

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Plötz,  Patrick
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Gnann,  Till
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Plötz, P., Gnann, T. (2025): Real-world Fuel Consumption and Potential Future Regulation of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Europe – An Empirical Analysis of about one Million Vehicles, (Ariadne-Analysis), Potsdam : Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 36 p.
https://doi.org/10.48485/pik.2025.023


Cite as: https://publications.pik-potsdam.de/pubman/item/item_33149
Abstract
The European Union’s commitment to climate neutrality by 2050 requires a rapid transformation of the transport sector, particularly road transport. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), combining electric and combustion propulsion, have been promoted as a transitional technology and have benefited from favorable regulatory treatment and national incentives. However, extensive empirical evidence shows that real-world CO2 emissions from PHEVs are often significantly higher than certified values due to infrequent charging and dominant use of the combustion engine. In response, the European Commission plans to revise PHEV emissions calculations for the EU car fleet targets based on On-Board Fuel Consumption Monitoring (OBFCM) data. At the same time, extended-range PHEVs in China and calls from industry to exempt PHEV from the EU’s 2035 combustion engine sales ban have reignited interest in the future role of PHEVs in Europe.