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Abstract

Ecosystem services have gained increasing policy relevance for their dual role in promoting biodiversity conservation and supporting human well-being. However, the integration of ecosystem services into conservation policies remains poorly understood. We examined how ecosystem services and disservices are incorporated into protected area policies in Nepal. A review of 111 laws and policies, supplemented by 19 expert interviews, was conducted. Our findings indicate gradual progress in integrating ecosystem services, both explicitly and implicitly, into conservation policies, with supporting and cultural services most frequently emphasized. In contrast, ecosystem disservices received minimal explicit recognition. Additionally, conservation policies increasingly align with corporate interests, often prioritizing commercial conservation initiatives over local community needs. Our Nepal case provides broader lessons for conservation policy and practice. Mainly, we highlight that ecosystem (dis)service integration is more robust when anchored in legally binding instruments, guided by pluralistic valuation approaches, and structured to protect indigenous and local communities.