Deutsch
 
Datenschutzhinweis Impressum
  DetailsucheBrowse

Datensatz

DATENSATZ AKTIONENEXPORT
Zur Ablage hinzufügen
  Lokale TagsFreigabegeschichteDetailsÜbersicht

Freigegeben
Zeitschriftenartikel

Global Carbon Budget 2025

Urheber*innen

Friedlingstein,  Pierre
External Organizations;

O'Sullivan,  Michael
External Organizations;

Jones,  Matthew W.
External Organizations;

Andrew,  Robbie M.
External Organizations;

Bakker,  Dorothee C. E.
External Organizations;

Hauck,  Judith
External Organizations;

Landschützer,  Peter
External Organizations;

Le Quéré,  Corinne
External Organizations;

Li,  Hongmei
External Organizations;

Luijkx,  Ingrid T.
External Organizations;

Peters,  Glen P.
External Organizations;

Peters,  Wouter
External Organizations;

Pongratz,  Julia
External Organizations;

Schwingshackl,  Clemens
External Organizations;

Sitch,  Stephen
External Organizations;

Canadell,  Josep G.
External Organizations;

Ciais,  Philippe
External Organizations;

Aas,  Kjetil
External Organizations;

Alin,  Simone R.
External Organizations;

Anthoni,  Peter
External Organizations;

Barbero,  Leticia
External Organizations;

Bates,  Nicholas R.
External Organizations;

Bellouin,  Nicolas
External Organizations;

Benoit-Cattin,  Alice
External Organizations;

Berghoff,  Carla F.
External Organizations;

Bernardello,  Raffaele
External Organizations;

Bopp,  Laurent
External Organizations;

Brasika,  Ida Bagus Mandhara
External Organizations;

Chamberlain,  Matthew A.
External Organizations;

Chandra,  Naveen
External Organizations;

Chevallier,  Frédéric
External Organizations;

Chini,  Louise P.
External Organizations;

Collier,  Nathan O.
External Organizations;

Colligan,  Thomas H.
External Organizations;

Cronin,  Margot
External Organizations;

Djeutchouang,  Laique M.
External Organizations;

Dou,  Xinyu
External Organizations;

Enright,  Matt P.
External Organizations;

Enyo,  Kazutaka
External Organizations;

Erb,  Michael
External Organizations;

Evans,  Wiley
External Organizations;

Feely,  Richard A.
External Organizations;

Feng,  Liang
External Organizations;

Ford,  Daniel J.
External Organizations;

Foster,  Adrianna
External Organizations;

Fransner,  Filippa
External Organizations;

Gasser,  Thomas
External Organizations;

Gehlen,  Marion
External Organizations;

Gkritzalis,  Thanos
External Organizations;

Goncalves De Souza,  Jefferson
External Organizations;

Grassi,  Giacomo
External Organizations;

Gregor,  Luke
External Organizations;

Gruber,  Nicolas
External Organizations;

Guenet,  Bertrand
External Organizations;

Gürses,  Özgür
External Organizations;

Harrington,  Kirsty
External Organizations;

Harris,  Ian
External Organizations;

/persons/resource/Jens.Heinke

Heinke,  Jens       
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

Hurtt,  George C.
External Organizations;

Iida,  Yosuke
External Organizations;

Ilyina,  Tatiana
External Organizations;

Ito,  Akihiko
External Organizations;

Jacobson,  Andrew R.
External Organizations;

Jain,  Atul K.
External Organizations;

Jarníková,  Tereza
External Organizations;

Jersild,  Annika
External Organizations;

Jiang,  Fei
External Organizations;

Jones,  Steve D.
External Organizations;

Kato,  Etsushi
External Organizations;

Keeling,  Ralph F.
External Organizations;

Klein Goldewijk,  Kees
External Organizations;

Knauer,  Jürgen
External Organizations;

Kong,  Yawen
External Organizations;

Korsbakken,  Jan Ivar
External Organizations;

Koven,  Charles
External Organizations;

Kunimitsu,  Taro
External Organizations;

Lan,  Xin
External Organizations;

Liu,  Junjie
External Organizations;

Liu,  Zhiqiang
External Organizations;

Liu,  Zhu
External Organizations;

Lo Monaco,  Claire
External Organizations;

Ma,  Lei
External Organizations;

Marland,  Gregg
External Organizations;

McGuire,  Patrick C.
External Organizations;

McKinley,  Galen A.
External Organizations;

Melton,  Joe R.
External Organizations;

Monacci,  Natalie
External Organizations;

Monier,  Erwan
External Organizations;

Morgan,  Eric J.
External Organizations;

Munro,  David R.
External Organizations;

Müller,  Jens D.
External Organizations;

Nakaoka,  Shin-Ichiro
External Organizations;

Nayagam,  Lorna R.
External Organizations;

Niwa,  Yosuke
External Organizations;

Nutzel,  Tobias
External Organizations;

Olsen,  Are
External Organizations;

Omar,  Abdirahman M.
External Organizations;

Pan,  Naiqing
External Organizations;

Pandey,  Sudhanshu
External Organizations;

Pierrot,  Denis
External Organizations;

Qin,  Zhangcai
External Organizations;

Regnier,  Pierre
External Organizations;

Rehder,  Gregor
External Organizations;

Resplandy,  Laure
External Organizations;

Roobaert,  Alizée
External Organizations;

Rosan,  Thais M.
External Organizations;

Rödenbeck,  Christian
External Organizations;

Schwinger,  Jörg
External Organizations;

Skjelvan,  Ingunn
External Organizations;

Smallman,  T. Luke
External Organizations;

Spada,  Victoria
External Organizations;

Sreeush,  Mohanan G.
External Organizations;

Sun,  Qing
External Organizations;

Sutton,  Adrienne J.
External Organizations;

Sweeney,  Colm
External Organizations;

Swingedouw,  Didier
External Organizations;

Séférian,  Roland
External Organizations;

Takao,  Shintaro
External Organizations;

Tatebe,  Hiroaki
External Organizations;

Tian,  Hanqin
External Organizations;

Tian,  Xiangjun
External Organizations;

Tilbrook,  Bronte
External Organizations;

Tsujino,  Hiroyuki
External Organizations;

Tubiello,  Francesco
External Organizations;

van Ooijen,  Erik
External Organizations;

van der Werf,  Guido R.
External Organizations;

van de Velde,  Sebastiaan J.
External Organizations;

Walker,  Anthony P.
External Organizations;

Wanninkhof,  Rik
External Organizations;

Yang,  Xiaojuan
External Organizations;

Yuan,  Wenping
External Organizations;

Yue,  Xu
External Organizations;

Zeng,  Jiye
External Organizations;

Externe Ressourcen
Es sind keine externen Ressourcen hinterlegt
Volltexte (beschränkter Zugriff)
Für Ihren IP-Bereich sind aktuell keine Volltexte freigegeben.
Volltexte (frei zugänglich)

essd-18-3211-2026.pdf
(Verlagsversion), 13MB

Ergänzendes Material (frei zugänglich)
Es sind keine frei zugänglichen Ergänzenden Materialien verfügbar
Zitation

Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Le Quéré, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Aas, K., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bellouin, N., Benoit-Cattin, A., Berghoff, C. F., Bernardello, R., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Collier, N. O., Colligan, T. H., Cronin, M., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Enright, M. P., Enyo, K., Erb, M., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Fransner, F., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Goncalves De Souza, J., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., Guenet, B., Gürses, Ö., Harrington, K., Harris, I., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Ito, A., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarníková, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jones, S. D., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Kong, Y., Korsbakken, J. I., Koven, C., Kunimitsu, T., Lan, X., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Liu, Z., Lo Monaco, C., Ma, L., Marland, G., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Melton, J. R., Monacci, N., Monier, E., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Müller, J. D., Nakaoka, S.-I., Nayagam, L. R., Niwa, Y., Nutzel, T., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Pan, N., Pandey, S., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Regnier, P., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., Rödenbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Skjelvan, I., Smallman, T. L., Spada, V., Sreeush, M. G., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Swingedouw, D., Séférian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tian, X., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van Ooijen, E., van der Werf, G. R., van de Velde, S. J., Walker, A. P., Wanninkhof, R., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zeng, J. (2026): Global Carbon Budget 2025. - Earth System Science Data, 18, 5, 3211-3288.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3211-2026


Zitierlink: https://publications.pik-potsdam.de/pubman/item/item_34945
Zusammenfassung
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesise datasets and methodologies to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy and cement production data. Emissions from land-use change (ELUC) are estimated by bookkeeping models based on land-use data. The global atmospheric CO2 growth rate (GATM) is computed from changes in concentration measured at surface stations. The global net uptake of CO2 by the ocean (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based f CO2-products. The global net uptake of CO2 by the land (SLAND) is estimated
with dynamic global vegetation models. Additional lines of evidence are provided by atmospheric inversions, atmospheric oxygen measurements, ocean interior observation-based estimates, and Earth System Models. This year, we introduced corrections on the ELUC, SOCEAN and SLAND estimates. The sum of all sources and sinks results in the carbon budget imbalance (BIM), a measure of imperfect data and incomplete understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ± 1σ . For the year 2024, EFOS increased by 1.1 % relative to 2023, with fossil emissions at 10.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (including the cement carbonation sink, 0.2 GtC yr−1), ELUC was 1.3 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for total anthropogenic
CO2 emissions of 11.6 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1 (42.4 ± 3.2 GtCO2 yr−1). Also, for 2024, GATM was 7.9 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (3.73 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1), 2.2 GtC above the 2023 growth rate. SOCEAN was 3.4 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1 and SLAND was 1.9 ± 1.1 GtC yr−1, leaving a large negative BIM (−1.7 GtC yr−1), suggesting that the total sink or GATM is strongly overestimated in 2024. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2024 reached 422.8 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2025 suggest an increase in EFOS relative to 2024 of +1.0 % (0.2 % to 1.7 %) globally, and atmospheric CO2 concentration increasing by 2.1 ppm reaching 425.6 ppm, 53 % above the pre-industrial level (around 278 ppm in 1750). Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2024, with a near-zero overall budget imbalance, although discrepancies of up to around 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use change emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the mean ocean sink. This living data update documents changes in methods and datasets applied to this most-recent global carbon budget as well as evolving community understanding of the global carbon cycle. The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2025 (Friedlingstein et al., 2025c).