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Abstract

Climate change increasingly affects the productivity of Uganda’s agricultural sector,
with droughts and precipitation variability challenging livelihoods as well as the
economic prospects of entire value chains. The country’s national policies and plans on
climate change and agriculture recognise that investing in effective adaptation is key
to mitigating climate risks. Yet, limited information on current and projected climate
impacts on the different steps of agricultural value chains is available on which sound
adaptation decisions can be based. This study aims to address this gap by providing a
comprehensive climate risk analysis for two selected agricultural value chains: maize,
a major food crop, and coffee (Robusta and Arabica), a major export crop. Based on
ten global climate models (GCMs), we project how temperature and precipitation
is expected to change under two greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenarios (SSP1-
RCP2.6 low emissions scenario and SSP3-RCP7.0 high emissions scenario) and how
these impacts might affect maize and coffee production. In addition, interviews with
key actors involved in post-harvest activities (including aggregation, processing,
marketing and distribution) have been conducted, to better understand how
climate change affects later stages of the value chains. Based on the projected
impact analysis as well as on a participatory process with various stakeholders in
Uganda, four adaptation strategies were selected for our analysis: improved maize
varieties, improved maize storage, agroforestry systems for coffee production and
improved coffee storage. As part of our adaptation analysis, we consider aspects
of risk mitigation potential, cost-effectiveness and gender. The results have been
complemented and cross-checked by expert- and literature-based assessments and
two stakeholder workshops.
The results of this climate risk analysis show that, in response to increasing GHG
concentrations, temperatures in Uganda will increase by 1.1 °C under the low
emissions scenario (SSP1-RCP2.6) and by 1.5 °C under the high emissions scenario
(SSP3-RCP7.0) by 2050, compared to 2004. The number of hot days and hot nights
are projected to steadily increase, with severe temperature extremes especially in the
north of Uganda. The majority of models project slight future increases of annual
precipitation, but precipitation projections are subjected to high model uncertainties.
Climatic conditions also substantially affect crop production in Uganda. The
projected changes translate into modelled maize yield losses of up to 26.8 % by
the end of the century, especially in high maize potential areas such as parts of the
Central and Eastern regions, as well as in shifts and reductions in suitability of land to
grow coffee. Arabica coffee is particularly affected with projected suitability losses
of up to 20 % until 2050. Robusta suitability will only slightly, but progressively,
reduce with time with higher losses expected under the high emissions scenario
(SSP3-RCP7.0) of up to 5 %. Climate impacts are also felt at later stages of the value
chain, significantly affecting post-harvest products, activities and finances, as well
as the overall composition of the value chain. The analyses of the four adaptation
strategies show that improved maize varieties and agroforestry for coffee production
are examples of promising agricultural practices, both in terms of their potential to
buffer projected losses due to climate change, but also in terms of cost efficiency.
Beyond that, improved storage is a cost-efficient approach for both, maize and coffee,
to reduce post-harvest losses and secure the products’ quality. Implementation of
these strategies should take farmer types and their local context into consideration
and be seen as part of broader resilience-building strategies. Aspects of inequality,
such as gender and land tenure, should feed into the design of adaptation strategies.
Generally, taking dynamics of the broader value chain into consideration will help to
ensure the feasibility and long-term successful uptake of adaptation strategies.