REMIND2.1: transformation and innovation dynamics of the energy-economic system 
within climate and sustainability limits

Baumstark, Lavinia; Bauer, Nicolas; Benke, Falk; Bertram, Christoph; Bi, Stephen; Gong, Chen Chris; Dietrich, Jan Philipp; Dirnaichner, Alois; Giannousakis, Anastasis; Hilaire, Jérôme; Klein, David; Koch, Johannes; Leimbach, Marian; Levesque, Antoine; Madeddu, Silvia; Malik, Aman; Merfort, Anne; Merfort, Leon; Odenweller, Adrian; Pehl, Michaja; Pietzcker, Robert C.; Piontek, Franziska; Rauner, Sebastian; Rodrigues, Renato; Rottoli, Marianna; Schreyer, Felix; Schultes, Anselm; Sörgel, Björn; Sörgel, Dominika; Strefler, Jessica; Ueckerdt, Falko; Kriegler, Elmar; Luderer, Gunnar

doi:10.5194/gmd-14-6571-2021

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REMIND2.1: transformation and innovation dynamics of the energy-economic system within climate and sustainability limits

Authors

/persons/resource/lavinia.baumstark

Baumstark, Lavinia
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Nicolas.Bauer

Bauer, Nicolas
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Benke

Benke, Falk
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Bertram

Bertram, Christoph
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Stephen.Bi

Bi, Stephen
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Chen.Gong

Gong, Chen Chris
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Jan.Dietrich

Dietrich, Jan Philipp
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/dirnaichner

Dirnaichner, Alois
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/giannou

Giannousakis, Anastasis
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/hilaire

Hilaire, Jérôme
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/david.klein

Klein, David
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Johannes.Koch

Koch, Johannes
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/marian.leimbach

Leimbach, Marian
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Antoine.Levesque

Levesque, Antoine
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Silvia.Madeddu

Madeddu, Silvia
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Aman.Malik

Malik, Aman
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/anne.merfort

Merfort, Anne
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/leon.merfort

Merfort, Leon
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/adrian.odenweller

Odenweller, Adrian
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/michaja.pehl

Pehl, Michaja
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Robert.Pietzcker

Pietzcker, Robert C.
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/franziska.piontek

Piontek, Franziska
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Sebastian.Rauner

Rauner, Sebastian
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/renato.rodrigues

Rodrigues, Renato
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Rottoli

Rottoli, Marianna
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Felix.Schreyer

Schreyer, Felix
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/anselm.schultes

Schultes, Anselm
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/bjoern.soergel

Sörgel, Björn
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/dominika.soergel

Sörgel, Dominika
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Jessica.Strefler

Strefler, Jessica
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Falko.Ueckerdt

Ueckerdt, Falko
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Elmar.Kriegler

Kriegler, Elmar
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

/persons/resource/Gunnar.Luderer

Luderer, Gunnar
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research;

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Citation

Baumstark, L., Bauer, N., Benke, F., Bertram, C., Bi, S., Gong, C. C., Dietrich, J. P., Dirnaichner, A., Giannousakis, A., Hilaire, J., Klein, D., Koch, J., Leimbach, M., Levesque, A., Madeddu, S., Malik, A., Merfort, A., Merfort, L., Odenweller, A., Pehl, M., Pietzcker, R. C., Piontek, F., Rauner, S., Rodrigues, R., Rottoli, M., Schreyer, F., Schultes, A., Sörgel, B., Sörgel, D., Strefler, J., Ueckerdt, F., Kriegler, E., Luderer, G. (2021): REMIND2.1: transformation and innovation dynamics of the energy-economic system within climate and sustainability limits. - Geoscientific Model Development, 14, 10, 6571-6603.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6571-2021

Cite as: https://publications.pik-potsdam.de/pubman/item/item_26128

Abstract

This paper presents the new and now open-source version 2.1 of the REgional Model of INvestments and Development (REMIND). REMIND, as an integrated assessment model (IAM), provides an integrated view of the global energy–economy–emissions system and explores self-consistent transformation pathways. It describes a broad range of possible futures and their relation to technical and socio-economic developments as well as policy choices. REMIND is a multiregional model incorporating the economy and a detailed representation of the energy sector implemented in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). It uses non-linear optimization to derive welfare-optimal regional transformation pathways of the energy-economic system subject to climate and sustainability constraints for the time horizon from 2005 to 2100. The resulting solution corresponds to the decentralized market outcome under the assumptions of perfect foresight of agents and internalization of external effects. REMIND enables the analyses of technology options and policy approaches for climate change mitigation with particular strength in representing the scale-up of new technologies, including renewables and their integration in power markets. The REMIND code is organized into modules that gather code relevant for specific topics. Interaction between different modules is made explicit via clearly defined sets of input and output variables. Each module can be represented by different realizations, enabling flexible configuration and extension. The spatial resolution of REMIND is flexible and depends on the resolution of the input data. Thus, the framework can be used for a variety of applications in a customized form, balancing requirements for detail and overall runtime and complexity.